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	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 28.35pt
}
DIV.C07Titre4 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 28.35pt
}
P.C08Dispositif {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 56.7pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
LI.C08Dispositif {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 56.7pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
DIV.C08Dispositif {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 56.7pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
P.C19Centre {
	TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 1cm
}
LI.C19Centre {
	TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 1cm
}
DIV.C19Centre {
	TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 1cm
}
P.C20Centreitalique {
	TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-STYLE: italic; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 1cm
}
LI.C20Centreitalique {
	TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-STYLE: italic; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 1cm
}
DIV.C20Centreitalique {
	TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-STYLE: italic; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 1cm
}
P.C10Marge1 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 56.7pt
}
LI.C10Marge1 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 56.7pt
}
DIV.C10Marge1 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 56.7pt
}
P.C13Marge2 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 85.05pt
}
LI.C13Marge2 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 85.05pt
}
DIV.C13Marge2 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 85.05pt
}
P.C16Marge3 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 113.4pt
}
LI.C16Marge3 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 113.4pt
}
DIV.C16Marge3 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 113.4pt
}
P.C09Marge0avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 56.7pt
}
LI.C09Marge0avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 56.7pt
}
DIV.C09Marge0avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 56.7pt
}
P.C11Marge1avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
85.05pt
}
LI.C11Marge1avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
85.05pt
}
DIV.C11Marge1avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
85.05pt
}
P.C14Marge2avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
113.4pt
}
LI.C14Marge2avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
113.4pt
}
DIV.C14Marge2avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
113.4pt
}
P.C17Marge3avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
141.75pt
}
LI.C17Marge3avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
141.75pt
}
DIV.C17Marge3avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
141.75pt
}
P.C21Titre1 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN-TOP: 24pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: =
12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 28.35pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
LI.C21Titre1 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN-TOP: 24pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: =
12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 28.35pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
DIV.C21Titre1 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN-TOP: 24pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: =
12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 28.35pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
P.C22Titre2 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; FONT-STYLE: italic; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; =
MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 28.35pt
}
LI.C22Titre2 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; FONT-STYLE: italic; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; =
MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 28.35pt
}
DIV.C22Titre2 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; FONT-STYLE: italic; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; =
MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 28.35pt
}
P.C23Titre3 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 28.35pt
}
LI.C23Titre3 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 28.35pt
}
DIV.C23Titre3 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 28.35pt
}
P.C24Titre4 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 28.35pt
}
LI.C24Titre4 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 28.35pt
}
DIV.C24Titre4 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 28.35pt
}
P.C25Titre5 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 28.35pt
}
LI.C25Titre5 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 28.35pt
}
DIV.C25Titre5 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 28.35pt
}
P.C26Titre6 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 28.35pt
}
LI.C26Titre6 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 28.35pt
}
DIV.C26Titre6 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 28.35pt
}
P.C29Marge0doubleretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -56.7pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 85.05pt
}
LI.C29Marge0doubleretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -56.7pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 85.05pt
}
DIV.C29Marge0doubleretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -56.7pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 85.05pt
}
P.C28Pointnumerotemanuel {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -26.95pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 1cm
}
LI.C28Pointnumerotemanuel {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -26.95pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 1cm
}
DIV.C28Pointnumerotemanuel {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -26.95pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 1cm
}
P.C18Marge3avectiretlong {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 141.75pt
}
LI.C18Marge3avectiretlong {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 141.75pt
}
DIV.C18Marge3avectiretlong {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 141.75pt
}
P.CHyperlink {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm
}
LI.CHyperlink {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm
}
DIV.CHyperlink {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm
}
P.CTOC1 {
	MARGIN: 12pt 56.7pt 0cm 1cm
}
LI.CTOC1 {
	MARGIN: 12pt 56.7pt 0cm 1cm
}
DIV.CTOC1 {
	MARGIN: 12pt 56.7pt 0cm 1cm
}
P.C30Dispositifalinea {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 1cm; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
LI.C30Dispositifalinea {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 1cm; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
DIV.C30Dispositifalinea {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 1cm; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
P.C31Dispositiftiretlong {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 56.7pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
LI.C31Dispositiftiretlong {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 56.7pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
DIV.C31Dispositiftiretlong {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 56.7pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
P.C32Dispositifmarge1 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 56.7pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
LI.C32Dispositifmarge1 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 56.7pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
DIV.C32Dispositifmarge1 {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 56.7pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
P.C33Dispositifmarge1avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
85.05pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
LI.C33Dispositifmarge1avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
85.05pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
DIV.C33Dispositifmarge1avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
85.05pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
P.C34Dispositifmarge1avectiretlong {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 85.05pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
LI.C34Dispositifmarge1avectiretlong {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 85.05pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
DIV.C34Dispositifmarge1avectiretlong {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 85.05pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
P.C35Dispositifmarge2avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
113.4pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
LI.C35Dispositifmarge2avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
113.4pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
DIV.C35Dispositifmarge2avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
113.4pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
P.C36Dispositifmarge2avectiretlong {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 113.4pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
LI.C36Dispositifmarge2avectiretlong {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 113.4pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
DIV.C36Dispositifmarge2avectiretlong {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; =
MARGIN-LEFT: 113.4pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
P.C37Dispositifmarge0doubleretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -56.7pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
85.05pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
LI.C37Dispositifmarge0doubleretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -56.7pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
85.05pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
DIV.C37Dispositifmarge0doubleretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -56.7pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
85.05pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
P.C38Marge1doubleretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -56.7pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 113.4pt
}
LI.C38Marge1doubleretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -56.7pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 113.4pt
}
DIV.C38Marge1doubleretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -56.7pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt 113.4pt
}
P.C39Dispositifmarge1doubleretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -56.7pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
113.4pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
LI.C39Dispositifmarge1doubleretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -56.7pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
113.4pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
DIV.C39Dispositifmarge1doubleretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -56.7pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
113.4pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
P.C40Dispositifmarge0avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
56.7pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
LI.C40Dispositifmarge0avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
56.7pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
DIV.C40Dispositifmarge0avecretrait {
	TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -28.35pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 12pt =
56.7pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
P.CBalloonText {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 8pt
}
LI.CBalloonText {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 8pt
}
DIV.CBalloonText {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 8pt
}
P.CCaption {
	MARGIN: 6pt 0cm 6pt 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
LI.CCaption {
	MARGIN: 6pt 0cm 6pt 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
DIV.CCaption {
	MARGIN: 6pt 0cm 6pt 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
P.CCommentReference {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 8pt
}
LI.CCommentReference {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 8pt
}
DIV.CCommentReference {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 8pt
}
P.CCommentText {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 10pt
}
LI.CCommentText {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 10pt
}
DIV.CCommentText {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 10pt
}
P.CCommentSubject {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
LI.CCommentSubject {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
DIV.CCommentSubject {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
P.CDocumentMap {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm
}
LI.CDocumentMap {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm
}
DIV.CDocumentMap {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm
}
P.CEndnoteReference {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm
}
LI.CEndnoteReference {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm
}
DIV.CEndnoteReference {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm
}
P.CEndnoteText {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 10pt
}
LI.CEndnoteText {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 10pt
}
DIV.CEndnoteText {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 10pt
}
P.CIndex1 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.85pt
}
LI.CIndex1 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.85pt
}
DIV.CIndex1 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.85pt
}
P.CIndex2 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 53.35pt
}
LI.CIndex2 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 53.35pt
}
DIV.CIndex2 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 53.35pt
}
P.CIndex3 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 65.85pt
}
LI.CIndex3 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 65.85pt
}
DIV.CIndex3 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 65.85pt
}
P.CIndex4 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 78.35pt
}
LI.CIndex4 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 78.35pt
}
DIV.CIndex4 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 78.35pt
}
P.CIndex5 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90.85pt
}
LI.CIndex5 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90.85pt
}
DIV.CIndex5 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90.85pt
}
P.CIndex6 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 103.35pt
}
LI.CIndex6 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 103.35pt
}
DIV.CIndex6 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 103.35pt
}
P.CIndex7 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 115.85pt
}
LI.CIndex7 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 115.85pt
}
DIV.CIndex7 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 115.85pt
}
P.CIndex8 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 128.35pt
}
LI.CIndex8 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 128.35pt
}
DIV.CIndex8 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 128.35pt
}
P.CIndex9 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 140.85pt
}
LI.CIndex9 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 140.85pt
}
DIV.CIndex9 {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 140.85pt
}
P.CIndexHeading {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
LI.CIndexHeading {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
DIV.CIndexHeading {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
P.CMacroText {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm
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LI.CMacroText {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm
}
DIV.CMacroText {
	MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm
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P.CTableofAuthorities {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.85pt
}
LI.CTableofAuthorities {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.85pt
}
DIV.CTableofAuthorities {
	TEXT-INDENT: -12.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.85pt
}
P.CTableofFigures {
	TEXT-INDENT: -25pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 53.35pt
}
LI.CTableofFigures {
	TEXT-INDENT: -25pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 53.35pt
}
DIV.CTableofFigures {
	TEXT-INDENT: -25pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0cm 53.35pt
}
P.CTOAHeading {
	MARGIN: 6pt 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
LI.CTOAHeading {
	MARGIN: 6pt 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
DIV.CTOAHeading {
	MARGIN: 6pt 0cm 0cm 1cm; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold
}
P.CTOC2 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 40.85pt
}
LI.CTOC2 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 40.85pt
}
DIV.CTOC2 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 40.85pt
}
P.CTOC3 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 53.35pt
}
LI.CTOC3 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 53.35pt
}
DIV.CTOC3 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 53.35pt
}
P.CTOC4 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 65.85pt
}
LI.CTOC4 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 65.85pt
}
DIV.CTOC4 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 65.85pt
}
P.CTOC5 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 78.35pt
}
LI.CTOC5 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 78.35pt
}
DIV.CTOC5 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 78.35pt
}
P.CTOC6 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 90.85pt
}
LI.CTOC6 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 90.85pt
}
DIV.CTOC6 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 90.85pt
}
P.CTOC7 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 103.35pt
}
LI.CTOC7 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 103.35pt
}
DIV.CTOC7 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 103.35pt
}
P.CTOC8 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 115.85pt
}
LI.CTOC8 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 115.85pt
}
DIV.CTOC8 {
	MARGIN: 0cm 56.7pt 0cm 115.85pt
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<META name=3DGENERATOR content=3D"MSHTML 8.00.6001.18852"></HEAD>
<BODY><FONT size=3D-1><STRONG>IMPORTANT LEGAL NOTICE</STRONG> - The =
information on=20
this site is subject to a <A=20
href=3D"http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/T5_5135?PortalAction_x_000_userL=
ang=3Den"=20
target=3DDisclaimer>disclaimer and a copyright notice.</A> =
</FONT><BR><BR><BR>
<P class=3DC19Centre>JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Third Chamber)</P>
<P class=3DC19Centre>10 December 2009&nbsp;(<A=20
href=3D"http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/gettext.pl?where=3D&amp;lan=
g=3Den&amp;num=3D79908789C19080345&amp;doc=3DT&amp;ouvert=3DT&amp;seance=3D=
ARRET#Footnote*"=20
name=3DFootref*>*</A>)</P>
<P class=3DC71Indicateur>(Freedom of movement for workers =E2=80=93 =
Article 39 EC =E2=80=93=20
Refusal of access to serve as a legal trainee =E2=80=93 Candidate who =
obtained his law=20
diploma in another Member State =E2=80=93 Criteria for assessment of the =
equivalence of=20
knowledge acquired)</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA>In Case C=E2=80=91345/08,</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA>REFERENCE for a preliminary ruling under =
Article 234 EC=20
from the Verwaltungsgericht Schwerin (Germany), made by decision of 8 =
July 2008,=20
received at the Court on 28 July 2008, in the proceedings</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA><B>Krzysztof Pe=C5=9Bla</B></P>
<P class=3DC19Centre>v</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA><B>Justizministerium =
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,</B></P>
<P class=3DC19Centre>THE COURT (Third Chamber),</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA>composed of J.N. Cunha Rodrigues, President of =
the Second=20
Chamber, acting as President of the Third Chamber, P. Lindh, A. Rosas, =
U. L=C3=B5hmus=20
and A. =C3=93 Caoimh (Rapporteur), Judges,</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA>Advocate General: E. Sharpston,</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA>Registrar: C. Str=C3=B6mholm, =
Administrator,</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA>having regard to the written procedure and =
further to the=20
hearing on 2 July 2009,</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA>after considering the observations submitted on =
behalf=20
of:</P>
<P =
class=3DC03Tiretlong>=E2=80=93&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&=
nbsp;Mr Pe=C5=9Bla,=20
by B. Kemper, Rechtsanwalt,</P>
<P =
class=3DC03Tiretlong>=E2=80=93&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&=
nbsp;the=20
German Government, by M. Lumma and J. Kemper, acting as Agents,</P>
<P =
class=3DC03Tiretlong>=E2=80=93&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&=
nbsp;the Czech=20
Government, by M. Smolek, acting as Agent,</P>
<P =
class=3DC03Tiretlong>=E2=80=93&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&=
nbsp;the Greek=20
Government, by E. Skandalou and S. Vodina, acting as Agents,</P>
<P =
class=3DC03Tiretlong>=E2=80=93&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&=
nbsp;Ireland,=20
by D. O=E2=80=99Hagan, acting as Agent, and by M. Collins SC, D. Dodd =
BL, and K. Keane=20
BL,</P>
<P =
class=3DC03Tiretlong>=E2=80=93&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&=
nbsp;the=20
Hungarian Government, by J. Fazekas, K. Veres and M. Feh=C3=A9r, acting =
as=20
Agents,</P>
<P =
class=3DC03Tiretlong>=E2=80=93&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&=
nbsp;the=20
Austrian Government, by E. Riedl, acting as Agent,</P>
<P =
class=3DC03Tiretlong>=E2=80=93&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&=
nbsp;the=20
Finnish Government, by A. Guimaraes-Purokoski, acting as Agent,</P>
<P =
class=3DC03Tiretlong>=E2=80=93&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&=
nbsp;the=20
Commission of the European Communities, by H. St=C3=B8vlb=C3=A6k, M. =
Adam and M.=20
Vollkommer, acting as Agents,</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA>having decided, after hearing the Advocate =
General, to=20
proceed to judgment without an Opinion,</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA>gives the following</P>
<P class=3DC75Debutdesmotifs><B>Judgment</B></P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint1>1</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This =
reference=20
for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Article 39 =
EC.</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint2>2</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The =
reference=20
was made in the course of proceedings between Mr Pe=C5=9Bla, a Polish =
national, and=20
the Justizministerium Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Ministry of Justice of=20
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania) concerning the latter=E2=80=99s refusal =
to admit the=20
applicant to serve as a legal trainee (Rechtsreferendar) without first =
taking an=20
aptitude test in the compulsory legal subjects under the =E2=80=98erstes =
juristiches=20
Staatsexamen=E2=80=99 (first State examination in law; =E2=80=98the =
first State examination=E2=80=99).=20
</P>
<P class=3DC04Titre1>&nbsp;<B>National law</B></P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint3>3</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It is =
apparent=20
from the order for reference that, in order to carry out any of the =
regulated=20
legal professions in Germany, it is necessary in principle to be =
qualified to=20
hold judicial office (=E2=80=98Bef=C3=A4higung zum Richteramt=E2=80=99). =
In accordance with Paragraph=20
5(1) of the German Law on Judges (Deutsches Richtergesetz; =E2=80=98the =
DRiG=E2=80=99), that=20
qualification is granted to persons who pass the first State examination =
in law=20
at the end of their university legal studies, as well as the second =
State=20
examination in law on completion of a legal traineeship =
(=E2=80=98Rechtsreferendariat=E2=80=99).=20
</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint4>4</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Under =
Paragraph=20
5a(2) of the DRiG, university studies =E2=80=93 which have to be pursued =
in Germany for=20
at least two years =E2=80=93 are to consist of compulsory subjects and =
specialised=20
subjects, which may be studied along with certain optional courses. The=20
compulsory subjects concern the fundamental aspects of civil law, =
criminal law,=20
public law and procedural law, including subjects which involve European =
law,=20
legal methodology and fundamental aspects of philosophy, history and =
sociology.=20
The specialised subjects aim to complement and deepen knowledge of the=20
compulsory subjects and to provide an inter-disciplinary and =
international=20
approach to law. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint5>5</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursua=
nt to the=20
first sentence of Paragraph 5d(2) of the DRiG, the subjects covered by =
the first=20
State examination have to be of such a level that they can be completed =
within=20
four and a half years. Under Paragraph 5(1) of that law, the first =
examination=20
is to consist of a university examination on various specialised =
subjects and a=20
State examination in the compulsory subjects. According to the third =
sentence of=20
Paragraph 5d(2), the latter is to take the form of written and oral=20
examinations. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint6>6</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursua=
nt to=20
Paragraph 5(2) of the DRiG, the content of university studies and that =
of the=20
legal traineeship must be complementary. Under Paragraph 5b of that law, =
the=20
legal traineeship is to last for a period of two years and to consist of =

compulsory periods of training and one or more optional training =
periods. Under=20
that paragraph, the compulsory parts of the legal traineeship are to =
take place:=20
(i) at a general civil law court, (ii) at the Public =
Prosecutor=E2=80=99s Office or at a=20
criminal court, (iii) with the public authorities, and (iv) with a =
lawyer.=20
Pursuant to the first sentence of Paragraph 5(3) of the DRiG, the =
written part=20
of the second State examination in law must take place between the 18th =
and the=20
21st months of the legal traineeship. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint7>7</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Paragr=
aph 5b(4)=20
of the DRiG provides that the compulsory parts of the legal traineeship =
are each=20
to last three months, except for the part which is to be spent with a =
lawyer,=20
which is to last nine months. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint8>8</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As =
part of=20
their training and pursuant to Paragraph 10 of the Judicature Act=20
(Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz; =E2=80=98the GVG=E2=80=99), legal trainees =
may, under the=20
supervision of a judge, deal with requests for mutual assistance in the =
context=20
of international judicial cooperation, hear the parties to a case, with =
the=20
exception of criminal cases, make findings on evidence and hold =
hearings.=20
Paragraph 142(3) of the GVG provides that legal trainees may carry out =
tasks on=20
behalf of an agent of the Pubic Prosecutor=E2=80=99s Office, under the =
supervision of=20
that agent. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint9>9</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It is =
for the=20
individual <I>L=C3=A4nder</I> to determine the specific form of the =
training to be=20
provided. Under Paragraph 21(3) of the Law of the <I>Land</I>=20
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania on the training of lawyers (Gesetz =
=C3=9Cber die=20
Juristenausbildung im Land Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; =E2=80=98the =
JAG-M-V=E2=80=99), the legal=20
traineeship to be undertaken by legal trainees is part of a training =
programme=20
governed by public law. Legal trainees receive a monthly subsistence =
allowance=20
under Paragraph 21a(2) of the JAG-M-V. During the legal traineeship, =
legal=20
trainees are subject to supervision by their training principal and must =
obey=20
the instructions of their principal in accordance with Paragraph 36(1) =
and (2)=20
of the Regulation on the application of the law on the training of =
lawyers=20
(Verordnung zur Ausf=C3=BChrung des Juristenausbildungsgesetes; =
=E2=80=98the JAPO M-V=E2=80=99).=20
Under Paragraph 24 of the JAG-M-V, the legal traineeship finishes on the =
day on=20
which the applicant is declared to have passed the examination or on the =
day on=20
which he fails to pass the first resit examination. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint10>10</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Under Paragraph =
6(1) of=20
the DRiG, it is a condition of admission to serve as a legal trainee =
that the=20
candidate should have passed the first State examination. Pursuant to =
Paragraph=20
112a of that law, if a national of a Member State of the European Union =
has=20
obtained, in that Member State, a university diploma in law giving =
access to=20
pursue post-university legal training in that Member State, he may =
request, in=20
Germany, a declaration that his university diploma is the equivalent of =
the=20
first State examination. If such a declaration of equivalence is =
granted, the=20
person concerned may serve a legal traineeship. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint11>11</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It is apparent =
from the=20
documents before the Court that Paragraph 112(a) of the DRiG, entitled=20
=E2=80=98Assessment of equivalence for the purposes of admission to =
serve as a legal=20
trainee=E2=80=99, was adopted following the judgment of the Court in =
Case C=E2=80=91313/01=20
<I>Morgenbesser</I> [2003] ECR I=E2=80=9113467. That paragraph states: =
</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA>=E2=80=98(1) Nationals of a Member State of the =
European Union,=20
of another contracting State to the Agreement on the European Economic =
Area or=20
of Switzerland, who hold a university diploma in law, which was obtained =
in one=20
of those States and gives access there to post-university education =
leading to=20
the profession of a European lawyer under Paragraph 1 of the Law on the =
activity=20
of European lawyers in Germany, shall on application be admitted to a =
legal=20
traineeship if their knowledge and skills correspond to the knowledge =
and skills=20
attested by the passing of the State examination in the compulsory =
subjects=20
provided for in Paragraph 5(1).</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA>(2) The assessment of the knowledge and skills =
required=20
under subparagraph 1 extends to the university diploma and the =
documentary=20
evidence submitted, in particular diplomas, examination results, other=20
documentary evidence and proof of relevant professional experience. =
Should the=20
assessment establish no or only partial equivalence, an aptitude test =
shall be=20
carried out on request.</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA>(3) The aptitude test is a State examination =
which shall=20
be taken in the German language, covering the required knowledge of =
German law=20
and assessing the ability successfully to complete a legal traineeship. =
The=20
examination subjects are civil law, criminal law and public law, =
including the=20
related procedural law on those topics. The written tests of the State=20
examination in the compulsory subjects shall be taken in those areas of =
law=20
referred to in the second sentence, the adequate command of which was =
not=20
already proved in the assessment under the first sentence of =
subparagraph 2.</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA>(4) A pass shall be achieved in the aptitude =
test when=20
the candidate:</P>
<P =
class=3DC09Marge0avecretrait>1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;passes=
 the=20
number of written tests required by the law of the <I>Land</I> in which =
the test=20
was taken in order to achieve a pass in the State examination in the =
compulsory=20
subjects, or at least half of the written tests in the State examination =
in the=20
compulsory subjects, and</P>
<P =
class=3DC09Marge0avecretrait>2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;passes=
=20
written tests in at least two of the fields of law referred to in the =
second=20
sentence of subparagraph 3, at least one in the field of civil law.</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA>In so far as the adequate command of one of the =
areas of=20
law referred to in the second sentence of subparagraph 3 has already =
been=20
established in the assessment carried out under the first sentence of=20
subparagraph 2, the written tests in that field shall be deemed =
passed.</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA>(5) An aptitude test which has not been passed =
can be=20
retaken once.</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA>(6) A finding of equivalence under subparagraph =
1 shall=20
have the same effect as passing the first State examination under =
Paragraph=20
5(1).</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA>=E2=80=A6=E2=80=99</P>
<P class=3DC04Titre1>&nbsp;<B>The dispute in the main proceedings and =
the=20
questions referred for a preliminary ruling</B></P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint12>12</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In December =
2003, Mr=20
Pe=C5=9Bla completed his university studies at the Faculty of Law of the =
University=20
of Pozn=C3=A1n (Poland) obtaining a Master=E2=80=99s degree =
(=E2=80=98Magister=E2=80=99). In January 2005,=20
the Law Faculty of the University of Frankfurt-an-der-Oder, where he had =
studied=20
since 1998 in parallel to his studies in Poland, awarded him, following=20
completion of a course of German-Polish legal studies, the title of =
=E2=80=98Master of=20
German and Polish Law=E2=80=99, and in February 2005 the title of =
=E2=80=98Bachelor of German=20
and Polish Law=E2=80=99.</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint13>13</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In November =
2005, Mr=20
Pe=C5=9Bla made an application to be admitted as a legal trainee in=20
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. In support of his application, as well as =

submitting supporting material, such as credits in relation to various =
academic=20
courses and documents attesting to his professional experience and the =
courses=20
and training he had followed, he made reference to <I>Morgenbesser</I>. =
</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint14>14</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;By decision of =
27 March=20
2007, the Justizministerium Mecklenburg-Vorpommern dismissed the =
application for=20
a finding of equivalence under Paragraph 112a of the DRiG. In its view, =
the=20
criterion for examination of equivalence was the knowledge attested by =
the State=20
examination in the compulsory subjects in accordance with Paragraph 5(1) =
of the=20
DRiG. Knowledge of foreign law could not be recognised as equivalent =
given the=20
differences between it and German law. Furthermore, according to that =
rejection=20
decision, the knowledge of German law required for the credits obtained =
by Mr=20
Pe=C5=9Bla in the Master of German and Polish Law course was =
significantly lower than=20
that required for the written tests of the first State examination in =
the=20
compulsory subjects.</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint15>15</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It was none the =
less=20
stated in the rejection decision that Mr Pe=C5=9Bla could, if he applied =
to do so,=20
undertake an aptitude test pursuant to Paragraph 112a(3) of the DRiG. =
</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint16>16</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On 27 April =
2007, Mr=20
Pe=C5=9Bla brought an action against the decision of 27 March 2007 =
before the=20
referring court. In support of that action, he claimed as his primary =
argument=20
that the assessment of equivalence made by the Justizministerium=20
Mecklenburg=E2=80=91Vorpommern was inconsistent with the criteria =
developed in the=20
Court=E2=80=99s case=E2=80=91law. If one were to take the knowledge of, =
and practical skills in,=20
German law as required under the first State examination as the =
assessment=20
criterion, a foreign diploma could never satisfy such a criterion =
because German=20
law is not generally taught in the other Member States. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint17>17</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the =
alternative, Mr=20
Pe=C5=9Bla complained that the knowledge he acquired in Germany in his =
studies, work=20
experience, work assisting two professors and in tutorials, was not =
sufficiently=20
taken into account in the rejection decision. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint18>18</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The =
Justizministerium=20
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern claimed that the contested rejection decision is=20
justified. In its view, the knowledge acquired cannot be treated as =
equivalent.=20
</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint19>19</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accordingly, =
since it=20
took the view that the resolution of the dispute before it depended on =
the=20
conditions to which Article 39 EC makes subject a declaration of =
equivalence=20
within the meaning of Paragraph 112a(1), (2) and (6) of the DRiG, the=20
Verwaltungsgericht Schwerin (Schwerin Administrative Court) decided to =
stay the=20
proceedings and to refer the following questions to the Court of Justice =
for a=20
preliminary ruling:</P>
<P class=3DC09Marge0avecretrait>=E2=80=981. Is it compatible with =
Article 39 EC that a=20
finding of equivalence under Paragraph 112a(1) and (2) of the [DRiG] is =
made=20
only if it can be established on the basis of the documentary evidence =
submitted=20
that the European Union citizen has the knowledge and skills as tested =
in the=20
(German legal) examination of compulsory subjects provided for in =
Paragraph 5(1)=20
of the [DRiG]?</P>
<P class=3DC09Marge0avecretrait>2. If question 1 is to be answered in =
the=20
negative:</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA>Does Article 39 EC require that the only =
criterion for an=20
assessment of equivalence which is consistent with European law is =
whether the=20
university diploma obtained by the European Union citizen in the =
European Union=20
together with the additional evidence submitted by him of educational=20
performance and experience is comparable, from the point of view of the=20
(intellectual) level of education and the effort invested in that =
education to=20
the [first State examination]?</P>
<P class=3DC09Marge0avecretrait>3. If question 2 is also to be answered =
in the=20
negative:</P>
<P class=3DC02AlineaAltA>Is it compatible with Article 39 EC that the =
finding of=20
equivalence under Paragraph 112a(1) and (2) of the [DRiG] takes the =
material=20
examined in the compulsory subjects of the first (German legal) State=20
examination as its reference point, but in the light of the legal =
education=20
successfully completed elsewhere in the Community only somewhat =
=E2=80=9Clowered=E2=80=9D=20
requirements are imposed?=E2=80=99</P>
<P class=3DC04Titre1>&nbsp;<B>The questions referred </B></P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint20>20</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The two first =
questions,=20
which should be considered together, ask what knowledge ought to be =
taken as a=20
reference point for assessing whether an applicant for direct admission =
to serve=20
as a legal trainee, without taking the exams he would otherwise have to =
sit, has=20
a level of knowledge which is equivalent to that normally required to =
serve such=20
a legal traineeship in the Member State concerned. The first question =
concerns=20
the issue whether that knowledge needs to be of the law of the host =
Member=20
State, whereas the second question seeks to determine whether, by =
contrast, the=20
knowledge of the law of another Member State may be regarded as =
equivalent, in=20
terms of the level of training and the time and effort invested in such=20
training, to the knowledge required to be able to serve a legal =
traineeship in=20
the host Member State. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint21>21</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;By its third =
question,=20
the referring court essentially asks whether it is possible that =
Community law=20
requires that the level of knowledge of the law of the host Member State =

required for admission to a legal traineeship that must precede the =
second State=20
examination in law and admission to the legal professions be lowered, to =
a=20
certain extent, in order to promote the freedom of movement of persons. =
</P>
<P class=3DC05Titre2>&nbsp;<I>The first two questions</I></P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint22>22</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In order to =
answer the=20
first two questions, it should be noted at the outset that a person in =
Mr=20
Pe=C5=9Bla=E2=80=99s situation cannot, in the case in the main =
proceedings, rely on secondary=20
Community law in order to have his academic qualifications and work =
experience=20
recognised for the purposes of gaining access to the practical part of =
the=20
training required to enter the legal professions in Germany. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint23>23</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Directive =
98/5/EC of the=20
European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 1998 to facilitate =

practice of the profession of lawyer on a permanent basis in a Member =
State=20
other than that in which the qualification was obtained (OJ 1998 L 77, =
p. 36)=20
concerns only lawyers who are fully qualified as such in their Member =
States of=20
origin (see <I>Morgenbesser</I>, paragraph 45). In addition, it is =
apparent from=20
the documents before the Court that the activities undertaken by legal =
trainees=20
are regarded as forming the practical part of the training required to =
enter the=20
legal professions in Germany. It follows that such a legal traineeship =
cannot be=20
classed as a =E2=80=98regulated profession=E2=80=99, within the meaning =
of Council Directive=20
89/48/EEC of 21 December 1988 on a general system for the recognition of =

higher-education diplomas awarded on completion of professional =
education and=20
training of at least three years=E2=80=99 duration (OJ 1989 L&nbsp;19, =
p.&nbsp;16), as=20
amended by Directive 2001/19/EC of the European Parliament and of the =
Council of=20
14 May 2001 (OJ 2001 L&nbsp;206, p.&nbsp;1), separable from the German =
legal=20
professions themselves, such as the profession of lawyer (see, by =
analogy,=20
<I>Morgenbesser</I>, paragraphs 46 to 55). </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint24>24</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As was =
confirmed at the=20
hearing, at the time of the facts in the main proceedings, Mr Pe=C5=9Bla =
had not=20
obtained the professional qualification required to enter the legal =
profession=20
as a lawyer in Poland. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint25>25</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It is apparent =
from the=20
Court=E2=80=99s case=E2=80=91law that both Article 39 EC, which is =
referred to explicitly in the=20
questions referred, and Article 43 EC are capable of applying to =
situations such=20
as the one at issue in the main proceedings.</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint26>26</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;First, it is =
apparent=20
from the documents before the Court, in particular from the observations =
of the=20
German Government, that (i) legal trainees are required to apply in =
practice the=20
legal knowledge acquired during their studies and thus make a =
contribution,=20
under the guidance of the training principal, to that person=E2=80=99s =
activities and=20
(ii) legal trainees receive payment in the form of a monthly subsistence =

allowance for the duration of their training. In that regard, the Court =
has=20
already held that, given that legal trainees carry out genuine and =
effective=20
activity as an employed person they must be considered to be workers =
within the=20
meaning of Article 39 EC (see, to that effect, Case C=E2=80=91109/04 =
<I>Kranemann</I>=20
[2005] ECR I=E2=80=912421, paragraphs 12 to 18).</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint27>27</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Second, the =
legal=20
traineeship provided for under the German regulations constitutes a =
period of=20
training and a necessary prerequisite of access to, inter alia, the =
profession=20
of lawyer in Germany, a regulated profession to which Article 43 EC =
applies=20
(see, by analogy, <I>Morgenbesser</I>, paragraph 60). </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint28>28</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It should also =
be noted=20
that the application of those two articles cannot be ruled out in the =
main=20
proceedings on the basis of the exceptions laid down in, respectively, =
Article=20
39(4) EC in relation to =E2=80=98employment in the public =
service=E2=80=99 and the first=20
paragraph of Article 45 EC for =E2=80=98activities which [in a Member] =
State are=20
connected, even occasionally, with the exercise of official =
authority=E2=80=99. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint29>29</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the first =
place, in so=20
far as legal trainees undertake part of their training outside the =
public=20
sector, suffice it to note that the concept of =E2=80=98employment in =
the public=20
service=E2=80=99 does not encompass employment by a private natural or =
legal person,=20
whatever the duties of the employee (see Case C=E2=80=91114/97 =
<I>Commission</I> v=20
<I>Spain</I> [1998] ECR I=E2=80=916717, paragraph 33, and =
<I>Kranemann</I>, paragraph=20
19).</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint30>30</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Although in the =
case=20
giving rise to the judgment in <I>Kranemann</I> the issue concerned a =
part of=20
that training that was to be carried out outside the public sector, it =
should be=20
noted that, to the extent that a legal trainee must complete part of his =

training at a general civil court, with the public authorities and at =
the Public=20
Prosecutor=E2=80=99s Office or at a criminal court, that legal trainee =
will, as the=20
German Government emphasised at the hearing, act in accordance with the=20
instructions and under the supervision of a training principal, as is =
indeed=20
also apparent from the provisions of the GVG and the JAPO M-V cited in=20
paragraphs 8 and 9 above. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint31>31</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Consequently, =
the=20
activity of a legal trainee cannot fall within the exception laid down =
in=20
Article 39(4) EC since that exception does not cover posts which, whilst =
coming=20
under the State or other bodies governed by public law, still do not =
involve any=20
association with tasks belonging to the public service properly so =
called (see,=20
inter alia, Case 149/79 <I>Commission </I>v <I>Belgium</I> [1980] ECR =
3881,=20
paragraph 11, and Case C=E2=80=9147/02 <I>Anker</I> [2003] ECR =
I=E2=80=9110447, paragraph=20
59).</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint32>32</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Secondly, the =
derogation=20
provided for in the first paragraph of Article 45 EC must be restricted =
to=20
activities which in themselves are directly and specifically connected =
with the=20
exercise of official authority (see, inter alia, Case 2/74 =
<I>Reyners</I> [1974]=20
ECR 631, paragraph 45; Case C=E2=80=9142/92 <I>Thijssen</I> [1993] ECR =
I=E2=80=914047, paragraph=20
8; and Case C=E2=80=91283/99 <I>Commission</I> v <I>Italy</I> [2001] ECR =
I-4363,=20
paragraph 20).</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint33>33</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Therefore, for =
reasons=20
analogous to those set out in paragraph 30 above, the activities of a =
legal=20
trainee, even when carried out in the public sector, do not fall within =
the=20
scope of the exception provided for in the first paragraph of Article 45 =
EC (see=20
also, by analogy, <I>Thijssen</I>, paragraphs 22 and 23). </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint34>34</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It should =
furthermore be=20
noted that, in the absence of harmonisation of the conditions of access =
to a=20
particular occupation, the Member States are entitled to lay down the =
knowledge=20
and qualifications needed in order to pursue it and to require the =
production of=20
a diploma certifying that the holder has the relevant knowledge and=20
qualifications (see Case 222/86 <I>Heylens and Others</I> [1987] ECR =
4097,=20
paragraph 10; Case C=E2=80=91340/89 <I>Vlassopoulou </I>[1991] ECR =
I=E2=80=912357, paragraph 9;=20
and Case C=E2=80=91104/91 <I>Aguirre Borrell and Others</I> [1992] ECR =
I=E2=80=913003, paragraph=20
7). </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint35>35</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;However, =
Community law=20
sets limits on the exercise of those powers by the Member States in so =
far as=20
provisions of national law adopted in that connection must not =
constitute an=20
unjustified obstacle to the effective exercise of the fundamental =
freedoms=20
guaranteed by Articles 39 EC and 43 EC (see <I>Heylens and Others</I>, =
paragraph=20
11, and Case C=E2=80=9119/92 <I>Kraus</I> [1993] ECR I=E2=80=911663, =
paragraphs 28 and 32). </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint36>36</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In that regard, =
it is=20
apparent from the Court=E2=80=99s case=E2=80=91law that the national =
rules establishing the=20
conditions for national qualifications, even when applied in an =
indiscriminate=20
manner in relation to nationality, may infringe the exercise of those=20
fundamental freedoms if the national rules at issue fail to take account =
of=20
learning, skills and qualifications already acquired by the person =
concerned in=20
another Member State (see, to that effect, <I>Vlassopolou</I>, paragraph =
15;=20
<I>Kraus</I>, paragraph 32; Case C=E2=80=91375/92 <I>Commission</I> v =
<I>Spain</I>=20
[1994] ECR I=E2=80=91923, paragraph 18; and <I>Morgenbesser</I>, =
paragraphs 61 and 62).=20
</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint37>37</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accordingly, =
the=20
authorities of a Member State, when considering a request by a national =
of=20
another Member State for access to a practical training period with a =
view to=20
exercising a regulated profession at a later date, must take into =
consideration=20
the professional qualification of the person concerned by comparing the=20
qualifications attested by his diplomas, certificates and other formal=20
qualifications as well as by his relevant professional experience with =
the=20
professional requirements laid down by the national rules (see to that =
effect,=20
inter alia, <I>Vlassopoulou</I>, paragraph 16, and <I>Morgenbesser</I>,=20
paragraphs 57 and 58).</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint38>38</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That =
case=E2=80=91law is the=20
expression of a principle which is inherent in the fundamental freedoms =
of the=20
EC Treaty (see, to that effect, Case C=E2=80=91238/98 <I>Hocsman</I> =
[2000] ECR I=E2=80=916623,=20
paragraph 24, and Case C=E2=80=9131/00<I> Dreessen</I> [2002] ECR =
I=E2=80=91663, paragraph 25).=20
Thus, as is apparent from paragraph 61 of the judgment in =
<I>Morgenbesser</I>,=20
the analysis does not differ according to whether it is the freedom of =
movement=20
for workers or the freedom of establishment which is relied upon in =
opposing the=20
refusal, as in the case in the main proceedings, to admit a candidate of =
a=20
Member State other than the Federal Republic of Germany to serve as a =
legal=20
trainee without first taking an aptitude test in the legal subjects that =
are=20
compulsory under the first State examination. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint39>39</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As the Court =
has=20
repeatedly held, the comparative examination procedure referred to in =
paragraph=20
37 above must enable the authorities of the host Member State to assure=20
themselves, on an objective basis, that the foreign diploma certifies =
that its=20
holder has knowledge and qualifications which are, if not identical, at =
least=20
equivalent to those attested by the national diploma. That assessment of =
the=20
equivalence of the foreign diploma must be carried out exclusively in =
the light=20
of the level of knowledge and qualifications which its holder can be =
assumed, by=20
virtue of that diploma, to possess, having regard to the nature and =
duration of=20
the studies and practical training to which the diploma relates (see =
<I>Heylens=20
and Others</I>, paragraph 13; <I>Vlassopoulou</I>, paragraph 17; =
<I>Aguirre=20
Borrell and Others</I>, paragraph 12; Case C-375/92 <I>Commission</I> v=20
<I>Spain</I>, paragraph 13; and <I>Morgenbesser</I>, paragraph 68). </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint40>40</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If that =
comparative=20
examination of diplomas results in the finding that the knowledge and=20
qualifications attested by the foreign diploma correspond to those =
required by=20
the national provisions, the Member State must recognise that diploma as =

fulfilling the requirements laid down by its national provisions. If, on =
the=20
other hand, the comparison reveals that the knowledge and qualifications =

attested by the foreign diploma and those required by the national =
provisions=20
correspond only partially, the host Member State is entitled to require =
the=20
person concerned to show that he has acquired the knowledge and =
qualifications=20
which are lacking (see <I>Vlassopoulou</I>, paragraph 19; <I>Aguirre =
Borrell and=20
Others</I>, paragraph 14; Case C=E2=80=91234/97 <I>Fern=C3=A1ndez de =
Bobadilla</I> [1999] ECR=20
I=E2=80=914773, paragraph 32; <I>Morgenbesser</I>, paragraph 70; and =
Case C=E2=80=91255/01=20
<I>Markopoulos and Others</I> [2004] ECR I=E2=80=919077, paragraphs 64 =
and 65).</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint41>41</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In that regard, =
it is for=20
the competent national authorities to assess whether the knowledge =
acquired in=20
the host Member State, either during a course of study or by way of =
practical=20
experience, is sufficient in order to prove possession of the knowledge =
which is=20
lacking (<I>Vlassopoulou</I>, paragraph 20; <I>Fern=C3=A1ndez de =
Bobadilla</I>,=20
paragraph 33; and <I>Morgenbesser</I>, paragraph 71).</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint42>42</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On the basis of =
the=20
case=E2=80=91law set out in the three preceding paragraphs and, in =
particular, paragraph=20
68 and the first sentence of paragraph 70 of the judgment in=20
<I>Morgenbesser</I>, Mr Pe=C5=9Bla claims that, in order to apply a =
national=20
provision such as Paragraph 112a(1) and (2) of the DRiG in a manner =
consistent=20
with Community law, account must be taken primarily of the knowledge and =

qualifications which have been acquired in the Member State of origin, =
in this=20
case the Republic of Poland and, where appropriate, of the legal =
knowledge and=20
qualifications acquired in the host Member State, in this case the =
Federal=20
Republic of Germany, only in the alternative. He considers that, if one =
takes=20
the knowledge of, and practical skills in, German law as the criterion =
for the=20
comparison to be made, a foreign diploma could never satisfy such =
criteria=20
because German law is not generally taught in the other Member States. =
Thus, in=20
his view, the freedom of movement would in practice be ruled out for =
young=20
lawyers who have obtained qualifications in a Member State other than =
the=20
Federal Republic of Germany. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint43>43</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That line of =
argument is=20
based on an incorrect interpretation of the case=E2=80=91law on which it =
relies. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint44>44</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;According to =
that=20
case=E2=80=91law, in the course of the comparative examination set out =
in paragraphs 37=20
and 39 to 41 above, a Member State may take into consideration objective =

differences relating to both the legal framework of the profession in =
question=20
in the Member State of origin and to its field of activity. In the case =
of the=20
profession of lawyer, a Member State may therefore carry out a =
comparative=20
examination of diplomas, taking account of the differences identified =
between=20
the national legal systems concerned (see <I>Vlassopoulou</I>, paragraph =
18, and=20
<I>Morgenbesser</I>, paragraph 69).</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint45>45</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As is apparent =
from the=20
case=E2=80=91law cited in paragraph 37 of this judgment, and contrary to =
what Mr Pe=C5=9Bla=20
claims, it is in relation to the professional qualification required by =
the=20
rules of the host Member State that the knowledge attested by the =
diploma=20
granted in another Member State and the qualifications and/or work =
experience=20
obtained in other Member States, together with the experience obtained =
in the=20
Member State in which the candidate seeks enrolment, must be examined =
(see also,=20
to that effect, <I>Aguirre Borrell and Others</I>, paragraph 11; Case =
C=E2=80=91164/94=20
<I>Aranitis</I> [1996] ECR I=E2=80=91135, paragraph 31; <I>Dreessen</I>, =
paragraph 24;=20
and <I>Morgenbesser</I>, paragraph 67).</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint46>46</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thus, the mere =
fact that=20
legal studies relating to the law of one Member State may be regarded as =

comparable, from the point of view of both the level of training =
received and=20
the time and effort invested to that end, to studies seeking to provide =
the=20
knowledge attested by the qualification required in another Member =
State, cannot=20
of itself lead, in the context of the comparative examination referred =
to in=20
paragraphs 37 and 39 to 41 above, to an obligation to give priority, not =
to the=20
knowledge required by the national provisions of the Member State in =
which the=20
candidate seeks to benefit from the professional training required in =
order to=20
enter the legal professions, but to knowledge which relates essentially =
to the=20
law of another Member State, attested by the qualifications obtained in =
that=20
latter State. As noted by the referring court, a line of argument such =
as that=20
raised by Mr Pe=C5=9Bla as his primary argument, would, if taken to its =
ultimate=20
conclusion, be tantamount to accepting that a candidate could be =
admitted to=20
serve as a legal trainee without having any knowledge of German law or =
the=20
German language. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint47>47</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In addition, to =
the=20
extent that Mr Pe=C5=9Bla claims, in the alternative, that the knowledge =
of German=20
law which he acquired during his university studies in Germany was not=20
sufficiently taken into account by the Justizministerium =
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,=20
it is sufficient to note that, in the present case, it is not for the =
Court to=20
determine whether the German authorities are justified in regarding =
documentary=20
evidence such as that submitted by Mr Pe=C5=9Bla as insufficient. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint48>48</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the light of =
the=20
above, the answer to the first two questions is that Article 39 EC is to =
be=20
interpreted as meaning that the knowledge to be taken as a reference =
point for=20
the purposes of assessing the equivalence of training following an =
application=20
for direct admission to a legal traineeship for the legal professions, =
without=20
taking the exams he would otherwise have to sit, is that attested by the =

qualification required in the Member State in which the candidate seeks =
to be=20
admitted to serve such a legal traineeship. </P>
<P class=3DC05Titre2>&nbsp;<I>The third question </I></P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint49>49</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;By its third =
question,=20
the referring court essentially asks whether, for the purposes of the=20
examination of equivalence to be carried out in accordance with =
paragraphs 37=20
and 39 to 41 of this judgment, it is necessary to lower, even if only =
slightly,=20
the level of knowledge required under the law of the host Member State =
in order=20
to give practical effect to Article 39 EC. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint50>50</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In that regard, =
Article=20
39 EC does not, in order to be given practical effect, require that =
access to a=20
professional activity in a Member State be subject to lower requirements =
than=20
those normally required of nationals of that State. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint51>51</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the =
case=E2=80=91law referred=20
to in paragraphs 34 to 41, 44 and 45 of this judgment, the Court =
recognised the=20
need to reconcile the requirement relating to the qualifications =
necessary in=20
order to pursue a particular occupation with the requirement that the=20
fundamental freedoms guaranteed by Articles 39 and 43 EC be capable of =
being=20
exercised effectively (see to that effect, in particular, <I>Heylens and =

Others</I>, paragraph 13). </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint52>52</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thus, it is =
apparent from=20
that case=E2=80=91law that the examination of equivalence referred to in =
paragraph 39 of=20
this judgment must be carried out in the light of the academic and =
professional=20
training as a whole which the person concerned is able to demonstrate, =
in order=20
to assess whether that overall assessment may be regarded as satisfying, =
even in=20
part, the conditions required for access to the activity concerned (see =
to that=20
effect, inter alia, <I>Morgenbesser</I>, paragraphs 66 and 67). If that=20
comparative examination reveals that that demonstrable training =
satisfies those=20
conditions only in part, the host Member State is entitled, as is =
apparent from=20
paragraph 40 of this judgment, to require the person concerned to =
demonstrate=20
that he has acquired the knowledge and qualifications which are =
lacking.</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint53>53</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The fact that a =
host=20
Member State must thus take account of knowledge which corresponds only =
in part=20
to that attested by the professional qualification required by the =
national=20
rules of that Member State, without requiring that examinations be =
passed before=20
such a qualification is granted, already contributes to facilitating the =
freedom=20
of movement of persons as laid down in particular in Article 39 EC. If =
such an=20
obligation did not exist, the fact of not having the diploma normally =
required=20
by nationals of the host Member State could of itself constitute a =
decisive=20
obstacle to access to the legal professions in that Member State (see, =
to that=20
effect, <I>Morgenbesser</I>, paragraphs 64 to 67).</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint54>54</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Therefore, Mr =
Pe=C5=9Bla=E2=80=99s=20
argument that Article 39 EC would be rendered meaningless if the host =
Member=20
State could require of candidates the same level of knowledge of its =
national=20
law as that attested by the professional qualification required in that =
Member=20
State to enter the legal professions, cannot be upheld. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint55>55</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In addition, it =
is=20
apparent from the documents before the Court that legal trainees are =
expected,=20
from the beginning of the legal traineeship, to work closely with their =
training=20
principal and to carry out practical activities under the =
latter=E2=80=99s supervision.=20
To that end, it could be regarded as essential that legal trainees =
should have=20
acquired, prior to putting their legal knowledge to practical use in the =
context=20
of such practical activities, the same level of knowledge of the German =
legal=20
system as that attested by the first State examination in the compulsory =

subjects. In any event, it appears very difficult, given, in particular, =
the=20
progressive nature of the training process, to acquire within the time =
allocated=20
the knowledge required to be able to sit, with a reasonable prospect of =
success,=20
the second State examination in law. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint56>56</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;However, =
although Article=20
39 EC does not, of itself, require a lowering of the level of knowledge =
required=20
of the law of the host Member State in situations such as that which =
arises in=20
the main proceedings, it should be noted that that article cannot be =
interpreted=20
as depriving the Member States of the possibility of relaxing the =
relevant=20
qualification requirements. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint57>57</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It follows =
that, where=20
the authorities of a Member State consider a request by a national of =
another=20
Member State to be admitted to serve a practical training period, such =
as a=20
legal traineeship, with a view to exercising a regulated legal =
profession at a=20
later date, Article 39 EC does not of itself oblige those authorities to =
require=20
from the candidate, in the examination of equivalence required by =
Community law,=20
merely a level of legal knowledge which is lower than that attested by =
the=20
qualification required in that Member State for access to such a period =
of=20
practical training. That article does not, however, prevent a flexible=20
interpretation of such a qualification from being adopted. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint58>58</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;None the less, =
it is=20
important, in practice, that the possibility of partial recognition, as =
referred=20
to inter alia in paragraph 52 of this judgment, should be more than =
merely=20
notional. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint59>59</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In that regard, =
where a=20
comparison between the qualifications of the candidates concerned and =
the=20
knowledge required reveals only partial equivalence, the host Member =
State is=20
not necessarily entitled to require that the same type of aptitude test =
be taken=20
in every case, irrespective of the extent to which the partial knowledge =

established may vary among the candidates. The absence of a sufficiently =

detailed breakdown of the subjects covered by the comparative =
examination=20
referred to in paragraph 37 above could have the effect that, in =
reality, a=20
partial recognition of the qualification acquired would in practice be =
ruled out=20
since the parties concerned would subsequently have to demonstrate that =
they had=20
not only acquired the knowledge which is lacking, but also that which is =
apt to=20
be recognised, at the required standard, in the comparative examination. =
</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint60>60</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;However, it =
must be=20
pointed out that, to the extent that passing the national legal =
examinations,=20
such as the first State examination, is proof that both broad and =
in-depth=20
knowledge of the legal fields covered has been acquired, the requirement =
of a=20
sufficient detailed breakdown of the kind referred to in the preceding =
paragraph=20
must not lead to a situation whereby merely limited knowledge of certain =
aspects=20
of those legal fields would be deemed to be sufficient for the =
interested party=20
to be able to request partial recognition of his qualifications. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint61>61</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the case in =
the main=20
proceedings, it is the task of the referring court to determine whether =
the=20
system put in place under Paragraph 112a of the DRiG, as applied by the=20
competent national authorities, offers persons with sufficiently broad =
and=20
in-depth knowledge of a significant subset of topics, which =E2=80=93 =
together =E2=80=93 are=20
examined comparatively in accordance with Paragraph 112a(1) and (2) of =
the DRiG,=20
the possibility of being exempted from the obligation to take all of the =

examinations listed in Paragraph 112(3) of the DRiG. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint62>62</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On that point, =
in=20
response to a question put by the Court at the hearing, the German =
Government=20
stated that, where a candidate has acquired, for example, knowledge of =
German=20
civil law corresponding to the level required by the comparative =
examination=20
referred to in Paragraph 112a(1) and (2) of the DRiG, without however =
being able=20
to demonstrate the same level of knowledge of the German code of civil=20
procedure, it would be possible for the aptitude tests provided for in =
Paragraph=20
112a(3) to relate only to German civil procedure law. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint63>63</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It should also =
be noted=20
that the examination of the knowledge and skills provided for in =
Paragraph=20
112a(1) of the DRiG actually appears to be less demanding, in practice, =
than the=20
first State examination. It is apparent from the documents before the =
Court=20
that, unlike law graduates who have studied in Germany, candidates from =
another=20
Member State are not required to take exams in the specialised subjects =
or to=20
take the oral examinations. </P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint64>64</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accordingly, at =
first=20
sight it does not appear that, in the context of the system put in place =
by=20
Paragraph 112a of the DRiG, the possibility of partial recognition of =
the=20
knowledge acquired, as referred to in paragraph 52 above, is merely =
notional.=20
However, it is the task of the referring court, which alone is competent =
to rule=20
on the interpretation of national law, to determine whether that is the =
case.=20
</P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint65>65</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the light of =
all of=20
the above, the answer to the third question is that Article 39 EC is to =
be=20
interpreted as meaning that, where the competent authorities of a Member =
State=20
consider the application of a national of another Member State to be =
admitted to=20
serve a practical training period, such as a legal traineeship, with a =
view to=20
exercising a regulated legal profession at a later date, that article =
does not=20
of itself oblige those authorities to require from the candidate, in the =

examination of equivalence required by Community law, merely a level of =
legal=20
knowledge which is lower that that attested by the qualification =
required in=20
that Member State for access to such a period of practical training. =
However,=20
Article 39 EC does not preclude a degree of flexibility as regards the=20
qualification required. Moreover, it is important that, in practice, the =

possibility of partial recognition of the knowledge attested by =
qualifications=20
which the person concerned has obtained should be more than merely =
notional.=20
That is a matter for the national court to determine. </P>
<P class=3DC04Titre1>&nbsp;<B>Costs</B></P>
<P class=3DC01PointnumeroteAltN><A=20
name=3Dpoint66>66</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Since these =
proceedings=20
are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action =
pending=20
before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that =
court.=20
Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the =
costs of=20
those parties, are not recoverable. </P>
<P class=3DC41DispositifIntroduction>On those grounds, the Court (Third =
Chamber)=20
hereby rules:</P>
<P =
class=3DC08Dispositif>1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<B>Article =
39 EC=20
must be interpreted as meaning that the knowledge to be taken as a =
reference=20
point for the purposes of assessing the equivalence of training =
following an=20
application for direct admission to a legal traineeship for the legal=20
professions, without taking the exams he would otherwise have to sit, is =
that=20
attested by the qualification required in the Member State in which the=20
candidate seeks to be admitted to serve such a legal =
traineeship.</B></P>
<P =
class=3DC08Dispositif>2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<B>Article =
39 EC=20
must be interpreted as meaning that, where the competent authorities of =
a Member=20
State consider an application of a national of another Member State to =
be=20
admitted to serve a practical training period, such as a legal =
traineeship for=20
the legal professions in Germany, with a view to exercising a regulated =
legal=20
profession at a later date, that article does not of itself oblige those =

authorities to require from the candidate, in the examination of =
equivalence=20
required by Community law, merely a level of legal knowledge which is =
lower than=20
that attested by the qualification required in that Member State for =
access to=20
such a period of practical training. However, Article 39 EC does not =
preclude a=20
degree of flexibility as regards the qualification required. Moreover it =
is=20
important that, in practice, the possibility of partial recognition of =
the=20
knowledge attested by qualifications which the person concerned has =
obtained=20
should be more than merely notional. That is a matter for the national =
court to=20
determine.</B></P>
<P class=3DC77Signatures>[Signatures]</P>
<HR>

<P class=3DC42FootnoteLangue><A=20
href=3D"http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/gettext.pl?where=3D&amp;lan=
g=3Den&amp;num=3D79908789C19080345&amp;doc=3DT&amp;ouvert=3DT&amp;seance=3D=
ARRET#Footref*"=20
name=3DFootnote*>*</A> Language of the case: German.</P>
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